Study Guide for Maternity Nursing

Study Guide for Exam 1 * What are the risk factors for uterine atony? Loss of uterine toneOverdistention of the uterus (multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, fibroid tumors, distention with clots), bladder distention, grand multiparity, uterine trauma (forceps vacuum, c-section, cervical biopsy), bottle feeding, length of labor (precipitous or prolonged), Hx of PPH, medications (anesthesia, recent tocolysis, magnesium sulfate, induction greater than 15 hours), abruptio placenta, placenta previa, infection, inversion of uterus, placenta accrete – increta – percreta * Upon palpation you find that your client’s uterus is above the umbilicus and displaced to the right, what is your nursing intervention? sk patient last time they voided. check for distention of the bladder (superpubic distention), encourage voiding. teaching patient to try and void q2h. Methods to promote urination: hand under warm water, squirt bottle, sitz bath, analgesic, warm shower. * H ow would you expect a pp client’s labs to change/ 1. WBC Increase 2. H&H Decrease 3. Platelets Stay Same * Bright red bleeding of lochia rubra one week or more into the pp period would suggest what? Late postpartum hemorrhage What teaching do you give after administering a rubella vaccine? Patient should not get pregnant for one month following the vaccine * You assess a pp client 20 minutes after birth and discover that she has saturated her pad. Her fundus is slightly above the umbilicus but centered (not off to the side this time) and boggy. What will be your next action? Early postpartum hemorrhage. Massage uterus firmly and continuously until uterus becomes firm. Call for help (to notify physician).Position flat with feet elevated approximately 30 degrees. Vital signs, I&O. Medicine to contract uterus may be needed, IV, O2 10L through mask, Cath, prep for D&C, bimanual massage * How do you relief a Post C-section client of gas pains? What are gas pains post-surgical desc ribed as? Gas pains are described as pain in the stomach. stomach distended and hard. For tx promote ambulation for pain (medication will not effective) and offer warm beverages to promote peristalsis * Study the postpartum psychosocial phases.Page 424 of book * Review postpartum care of the Mexican-American woman. Page 410 of book. * What are the signs of a cervical/high vagina laceration? Fundus will remain firm, continuous spurting of bright red blood * Study risk for postpartum depression. Pg. 741 * Review signs and symptoms of PIH. * What treatments would be given for endometritis and what is the rationale? * Review care of the client with mastitis. * The math will include all of the same type problems as last exam including a GTPAL.G – number of times pregnant T – number of term births P – number of preterm births A – number of abortions (spontaneous and induced) L – number of living children * Know the 3 lochia types and time span for each. Rubra (red) days 1-4 Serosa (pink-brown) days 2-10 Alba (white) days 11+ †¦ 3-6 weeks postpartum * Review teaching for the mother concerning uterine involution/ recovery and self-care activities for a new vaginal delivered client.

How English Language Has Brought Change to Urdu Language

As my group and I interviewed Amjad Islam Amjad we got to know several reasons for the changes that English has brought to the Urdu language over the period of time. The two I will be discussing are: * Differences in schooling. * Government role in making English as an official language. However these two reasons are interlinked. At sir Amjad’s time English was taught like a foreign language in schools, after the 5th or 6th grade and now it is taught since prep. In fact when a child is taken for an admission he/she is interviewed in English language and is expected to answer in English as well. Before people could easily and fluently interact in Urdu language and children could speak in Urdu without any code mixing and code switching. They had a command over their mother language but today translations into Urdu are even more difficult than English and are understood by even fewer people. Especially, children and young people find it easier to use English. The current generation believes that Urdu language brings orthodoxy and limits their scope and vision. To date, when a child enters the learning stage, he is taught words and things in English. Indeed parents try to use as much English vocabulary as they can so that their child learns and speaks the higher language of the society. Analysing the government’s part in bringing a change in the Urdu language, we see that it has played a vital role by declaring English as the official language. It should not be so; people have actually become confused about their mother language, first language and the second language. The Advisory Board of Education in its first meeting in 1948 had resolved that the mother tongue should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage. Also, a number of institutions were established or supported by the State to do basic work in Urdu: from coining new terms, to translations, to developing new tools and techniques to speed up its adoption as an official language. The Sharif Commission, formed in 1959, had recommended that both Urdu be used as a medium of instruction from Class VI onward and in this way, in about fifteen years, Urdu would reach a point of development where it would become the medium of instruction at the university level. The Commission clearly stated that until Urdu was ready to replace English, English should continue to be used for advanced study and research. Now, this statement served a purpose. It allowed confusion to take root in terms of how and when and by whom it would be determined that Urdu was ready to replace English. This was a convenient method of maintaining the status quo and English was given a fifteen-year lease. The 1973 Constitution of the Republic was propagated with Article 251 stating: (1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day. 2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu. The timing of the Constitution coincides with the lapse of the fifteen year lease given to English by the Sharif Commission and hence refreshes that lease for another fifteen years. The contradiction that emerged in Bhutto’s era was that on the one hand, he propagated a socialist ideology, nationalized industry and education, and stood for the rights of the po or. On the other hand, he did not make any effort to change the official language to include the poor in decision making. The elected governments of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif continued with parallel education systems and encouraged private sector English medium schools and higher educational institutions. One step that Benazir’s first government took was the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from Class I in all government schools on the plea that it would enhance opportunities for poor children. The implementation remained weak because there was no quality teaching available. In all parts of Pakistan, more public and private institutions are coming up and promoting the use of English. The recently held national education conference in Islamabad, attended by both the President and the Prime Minister, saw no single change in the government’s policy on language education and the medium of instruction. The primary issue is not the choice of a medium or various mediums of instruction. It is the language in which the affairs of the state are managed, legislation is drafted and decisions are made.

Beccarias Criminal Justice Theories

This paper examines the role Beccaria played in shaping criminal justice. This paper studies the life of Beccaria and his theories on criminal behavior and justice. It analyzes his work, Essay On Crimes and Punishments, and its influence in criminal justice systems throughout the world. The paper looks at how Beccaria viewed the criminal and the crime and its overall effect (damage) to society.From the paper: `This paper examines the contributions of Beccaria in the context of his own time, the lasting effect that they have had on the jurisprudential and penological systems of the modern Western world. After a general introduction to Beccarias ideas and his model of crime, this paper looks at the results of three contemporary studies that incorporate the ideas and models of Beccaria. This examination of current research will allow us to evaluate the ways in which Beccarias idea, born in such a different historical context, may still guide us in attempting to guide us in creating ever more just, more fair and more effective means of punishing criminals and allowing all of society (including criminals, victims, and the rest of us) to prosper.` Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Beccarias Life and Timesand Theoretical Underpinnings 3. Beccarias Classical Theory of Crime 4. Three Modern Studies 5. Conclusion

Supply Chain Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Supply Chain Managment - Essay Example For instance, a small number of businesses were understood, less managed, and the outcomes were supply chains that were ineffective and disjointed. Supply chain management is the management of activities in the supply chain for purposes of maximizing the value of customers and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, supply chain companies should make efforts of developing and running supply chains in ways that are efficient and effective. Supply chain often covers a wide area ranging from development of products, logistics, sourcing and production. In addition, information systems are vital in coordinating supply chain activities. Companies or firms engaging in supply chain are connected via information and physical flows. In the physical flow, we have goods and materials transformation, movement, and storage. Through information flows, partners in the supply chain have the capability of coordinating their long-term business plans in controlling the up and down flow of material and goods in the supply chain (â€Å"What Is Supply Chain Management†). Time Context From the annual report written by the President of Japan X Ltd Company, Mr. Suzuki, the company’s problem started when it recorded a net loss of ten million yen(10m Yen) and an operating profit of four thousand million Yen (4,000M Yen). The main reason for the recorded loss was the company’s inability to react immediately to the inadequate market for their semiconductors, the main product of the company (Ostring 109). View Point Jill’s viewpoint over the company is that the company’s culture is different from the culture in Europe and the United States. This is expressed through her reactions to experiences within Japan X. She for instance noted that observation of sitting arrangement was different in the two cultures. Similarly, her experiences were often odd. When they arrived at the company for a meeting, Jill wished that her team, as she had learnt from research, were aware of sitting arrangement in the meeting. Her research must have been instigated by the opinion that Japan and her country had different cultures. Jill was the head of an audit team that was on a mission from the United States to Japan. As the head of the team, Jill’s responsibilities included guiding the audit team and being the team’s representative. As part of the team, she was also an auditor to the host company. Central Problem The core problem in the case is review of the question, ‘how different are the cultural environments in the United States’ and in Japanese corporate sectors?’ This is because the trip is centered on the Japanese culture rather that the functions of the audit team. Jill was for instance puzzled as they approached the company’s gate. She doubted her composure as she approached her host environment that she expected to be different from her native environment. A friend had for instance told he r that women in this new environment faced many problems in their workplaces. Cultural difference is also illustrated in Jill’s initial encounter in the company. She does a seemingly odd thing when she smiled at ‘office ladies’. The women’s response, bursting into giggles, indicated that Jill’s action was not a common practice in the environment. Cultural difference is similarly observed through Jill’s interpretation of their sitting arrangeme

Castle Bingo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Castle Bingo - Essay Example The research will be undertaken by using exploratory and mixed methods. These approaches will be appropriate for the research because it will effectively enable to understand the thoughts and perceptions of these two customer segments. Furthermore, in order to collect information about the players, questionnaire method has been suggested. The data would be analysed by measures of dispersion method and descriptive analysis technique. It will not only help to understand the research phenomenon but also help to describe the reason behind it. By undertaking the literature survey on the topic, it has been found that online gaming is an international business and many strong players are trying to create a strong position in this business. However, since online gaming is a new phenomenon, targeting these customers require different strategies than offline players. There are considerable differences and similarities between online and offline players. Concentrating on this aspect, it is recommended that Castle Leisure needs to undertake a market survey in order to recognise the requirements of this new customer segment and comprehend how it is different from offline players. It has also been recommended that around 1000 samples would be studied on the basis of judgemental sampling method to gain a clear understanding about the market segment. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Problem Definition 5 Literature Review 6 Research Design 8 Research Methods 9 Sampling 10 Data Collection 11 Data Analysis 12 References 14 Introduction Marketing research is a methodical and objective process for searching and examining information which are appropriate for identification and explanation of any issue in the area of marketing. Marketing research facilitates to find reasoned responses for a predetermined task of business in systematic manner. This denotes that in order to undertake marketing research, a plan needs to be deve loped sensibly with specifying every phase (FAO, 2013). Focusing on this aspect, the research will be based on developing a proposal for conducting market research in order to understand the customers’ requirements of Castle Leisure. Castle Leisure operates several bingo clubs throughout the United Kingdom and its market is divided into two types of customers namely offline and online gamers. The objective of the proposal is to investigate the differences between offline and online customers of bingo games which would help to better recognise their requirements. Problem Definition Bingo game is quite popular in several nations and it is played by both offline and online participants. However, considering the popularity of bingo game, very little research has been conducted about the attitude of people who are engaged in this game. Thus far, most of the researches were focused only on understanding the characteristics of offline bingo players. Since, online bingo playing is a new phenomenon, there are not many researches which concentrate on understanding the differences between these online and offline customers, about their preferences and other characteristics (Wilsenach, 2012). As earlier researches only focused on offline bingo pla

Motivating employees Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivating employees - Assignment Example Motivation has also been known to improve the efficiency of the employees as they will not depend only on extrinsic factors to spur them into action. Instead, they will perform their best because of the intrinsic satisfaction they have attained from using their capabilities to meet set company objectives. This will increase productivity, reduce cost of operations and improve on the overall efficacy of the employees. The profitability of a company is mainly gauged by accomplishing the goals and objectives of the company. Through motivation, workers will be able to achieve this by proper utilization of the available resources, enhancing cohesion within the workplace, giving the employees a chance to work towards common goals. This is in addition to allowing skills and capabilities to be exposed by creating an opportunity for every employee to showcase their skills under different scenarios (Pritchard and Ashwood 6). With a stable workforce, clients are assured of efficient and quick services, effective response to their claims and suggestions as well as proper treatment from the employees. With motivated personnel, these goals are easy to

Prepare a 3 page summary and analysis of the Freshman Lecture attended Assignment

Prepare a 3 page summary and analysis of the Freshman Lecture attended - Assignment Example Paul Johnson, in his lecture stated about the first project on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), which provides a descriptive analysis on toxic horror, which spread over 27 square miles of Denver. As stated by Johnson, the main cause behind the worse effect of toxic horror was due to the launch of chemical weapons by the United State of American Army and the Pesticides by the Shell Chemical Company. The toxic pollution was the primary cause of destroying various lives of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) decides to detoxify the environment and prepare a team for cleaning up the locality. Paul Johnson was one of the team members of EPA (University of Colorado Boulder, 1994). In the session, he spoke about the next project, which was done to prevent Ground Water Pollution. As per the view of Paul Johnson the pollution level was high in the areas of California, Texas, and Florida due to the pollution. In this regard, EPA had decided to evaluate the main cause of the problem. It was witnessed that the primary cause of the pollution is due to the leaking of ground water tanks. In this context, data was collected by the Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) to make an analysis related to the plum length. After the assessment of the research Paul Johnson decided that MTBE is an appropriate approach for mitigating the problem related to ground water pollution. Another aspect that was considered by Johnson in the lecture was about vapor intrusion. Vapor intrusion implies to the movement of explosive chemicals to the underlying buildings from the various layers of subsurface. These explosive chemicals can harm the various levels of air when mixed up with the pollut ed soil and ground water. The vapors can enter into the houses through the cracks of the building and be the reason of decompression in the buildings. Paul Johnson applied few models to preserve around three thousand houses from the vapor

What is the REAL link between violence and mental disorder How do the Essay

What is the REAL link between violence and mental disorder How do the media present mental disorder Is this fair and accurate reresentation - Essay Example Although, he had taken the case just for the publicity, as Vail further investigates the case, he develops sympathy for Stampler as he becomes convinced that he is innocent. His sympathy and concern for Stampler reaches at such a level that Vail is ready to fight to all extents against his former lover Janet Venable, who is acting as the prosecutor. Nevertheless, during his investigation, Vail also discovers that the Archbishop had made some powerful enemies due to his insistence on not developing and selling Church lands. Surprisingly enough, he also found out that the Archbishop was sexually abusing altar boys. Vail is tempted to submit this evidence to the court because the same would increase the sympathy for the boy, but at the same time, it will also provide him with a clear motive for murder, something which was missing from the equation of the arguments of the prosecution. Vail decides not to make this evidence public and instead, decides to question Aaron, during which Aaron continuously insists that he is innocent and does not remember anything despite the fact that he was found feeling the crime scene with blood all over the clothes. When Vail intensifies his aggressive line of questioning and mentions the sex tape, Aaron finally breaks down and suddenly transforms into a violent, rude, sociopathic personality and starts to refer himself as â€Å"Roy†. â€Å"Roy† confesses to the murder of Archbishop and cites the molestation and abuse as the reason behind the same. â€Å"Roy† also throws Vail against the wall in the heat of the moment, but when things are allowed to cool down, he transforms back to his original personality. He knows claims that he has no recollection of the events. It becomes apparent to the Vail that he is suffering from some serious mental illness. The psychiatrist examining Aaron also confirms that the Aaron is suffering from multiple personality disorder. As a child, he faced mental problems due to childhood abuse from his

Diversity paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity paper - Essay Example " The emergence of diversity in the workplace has been brought about by the rapid changes and development in the domestic and global market. This current workforce strategy is seen as business organization's response in coming with the demands of the new business environment. Diversity hiring is the new trend in choosing the employees to work for an organization. As more and more companies are embracing this new system, more reports and empirical evidences are also reported which support direct hiring. This is their way of aligning their resources to take advantage of the present opportunities, generate revenues, increase market share, and squeeze more profits from their sales. Diversity in the workforce had also increased retention, recruitment, and promotion of employees as well as decreased litigation and complaints. This paper further look at how a business organization benefits from utilizing a diversified workforce. The rationale in favoring a human resource with different origins, backgrounds, interests, and status is fairly simple: diversity will is able to pool together various talents, ideas, skills, and knowledge which serves the highly diversified market served by a business institutions. The task then of an organization is to efficiently manage the different behavior of employees in a diversified workforce. ... Since childhood, we are taught that some things like colors, gestures, dress, and expressions are only attributable for a girl or for a boy. For example, pink is the color which is associated to a baby girl while blue is for a boy. The existence of double sexual standard in the community is also another huge factor shaping the behavior of both genders. It should be noted that double standards clearly delineate and dictate the actions which can be done by both genders. One of the most famous sexual double standard is the stud-slut dichotomy. Thus, the society has a definite expectation of how different members of both sexes. This, together with the environment of individual differentiates the behavior of male and female. Societies dictate that men are supposed to be more rational than women. Aggressive and dominant behavior is also strongly linked to being a man. Due to their physical structure, men are regarded for their strength and flexibility. These conceptions have largely influenced the behavior of men in our society. In business organizations, some jobs which require physical strength are only made available for men. Most executive level managerial positions are also being occupied by the male specie as women are regarded to have inferior ability. It had also become insulting for men to have women in high level management because they are more irrational. While men always behave as the stronger and more aggressive sex, women's behavior are more refined and nurturing. Women are expected to be nice-"never fights or argues, making negotiation and conflict-resolution (Vermuelen 2006)." Accordingly, these characteristics are still entrenched in the modern women. Females are less dominant, less aggressive, more assertive, and more in touch with their

Professional Development and Differentiated Instruction Speech or Presentation

Professional Development and Differentiated Instruction - Speech or Presentation Example An introduction to the general theory of cultural competency. Members of staff take notes. Overhead projector Handout 35 Minutes PRESENTATION Underachieving students. Social- cultural, physical, and racial prejudices against underachieving students. The role of the curriculum in achieving cultural competency The application of differentiated instruction among students with varying learning capabilities Content Process- grouping of students according to readiness, needs, and interests. Product Use of a tiered lesson plan to meet different learner needs Discussion between the facilitator and the members of staff. Members of staff attempt to answer questions asked by the facilitator regarding the application of differentiated instruction. Members of staff begin to draft a sample tiered lesson plan. Overhead projector Handout 10 Minutes CONCLUSION Review of main points discussed Question and answer session Members of staff ask questions. The facilitator asks the members of staff to finis h up on the sample tiered lesson plan and use it in their respective lessons. Overhead projector Handout Agenda for members of staff - cultural competency session on professional development 5th July 2012 9: 00 a.m : Arrival of members of staff. 9: 00a.m – 9: 10 a.m : Introduction. ... These characteristics may involve customs, channels of communication, and beliefs. A culturally competent institution or organization should cater for the needs of each cultural group to ensure optimal outcomes. The education sector has incorporated the use of cultural competency to cater for those learners who have dismal learning outcomes. In a normal classroom, there are learners with different learning abilities. Some learners grasp concepts very quickly, others have the normal comprehension capacity, and others are slow learners. When the needs of each group of students are not met, the class ends up having a group of stereotyped as â€Å"underachievers†. In the U.S schooling system, there are those learners who are categorized in the underachievers group. Most teachers, according to Darlene (2007) view these students as lacking in motivation, lazy, high headed, or just indifferent towards academics. This notion, however, could not be further from the truth. Underachievin g students may have other issues outside their control that make them perform not so well in their academics. These may include: social-cultural, physical or ethnic disadvantages that inhibit their potential. The curriculum needs to provide avenues for the execution of cultural competency policies for all students. The curriculum should cater for all races and social-cultural groups, without victimization. A multidisciplinary curriculum according to Darlene (2007) should acknowledge cultural differences, while promoting inter-cultural development. The teacher should address the needs of differentiated students by promoting communication and involvement of each and every student in the lesson. All

High School Girls Essay Example for Free

High School Girls Essay 1. In my High School, the experience was somewhat different. In the article it says that the boys stared at the girls passing and rated the different parts of their body from one to ten. In my high school days, the boys striped us with their eyes and we felt that they can see inside our clothes. They also made lewd comments. 2. We felt harassed and humiliated and degraded as Rachel and her friends felt. It used to make me very angry but my friends never let me retort as these boys were ‘bad boys’. We were frightened of them. 3. We were taught in home as well in school to keep away from these kinds of boys. As a result the girls rarely talked about the issue. Even if we spoke about it, we never thought of taking actions against the boys who harassed us. 4. Individually sometimes one girl would retort for misbehaving with her. One of the girls in our class once turned back and told the boy who was teasing her to stop it or else she will the principal. 5. Rachel and the other girls taught those boys a lesson. The girls in my school never thought of taking action against the boys. It was very difficult to convince the girls to take action in a group. The common advice was to ignore them. 6. The boys who teased us were the lot who did not study in school. They had all kind of bad habits like smoking, taking alcohol and drugs and they were of rich families. They were notorious. The girls in my school were too scared of these boys to take any sort of action against them. 7. The teachers in my school did not approve of this kind of behavior. There were some strict teachers in our school, those boys stood clear of their path. If any teacher saw them behaving in this manner, they would complain to the principal, who would punish them heavily. 8. The other boys in the school did not confront them as this would lead to fighting and abusing. They did not tell their peers as they did not want to get involved. 9. I think that school teachers and administrators can stop this kind of thing from happening in school in two ways. First, they can make the girls aware of eve-teasing and the result of keeping silent. They should be made aware of the fact that keeping silent is not the solution. It only increases and do not end it. Second, the school authorities should warn those boys that they will be heavily punished and even rusticated if they continue such behavior. Summary: In the article, the boys of high school during lunch time harass the girls but staring and rating different parts of their boy from one to ten. One girl among them, whose name was Rachel also faces similar situation in spite of friendly with them. She feels very humiliate and degraded by the action. She along with other girls plans and teaches them a lesson. They sit in the same bench, rate them and grab them as they used to do. After the episode, those boys stop harassing them.

The Study Skills Handbook Essay Example for Free

The Study Skills Handbook Essay In order to overcome the weaknesses of both the cross-sectional and longitudinal approach most developmental psychologists use a combination of the two in a single study as illustrated by Schaie (1965). He conducted a study of dependency behaviour in two, five and eight year olds. The first part of the study, which was cross-sectional, required data to be collected at all three age points. The longitudinal approach was then used following an interim of three years, when the two year olds reached the age of five and the five year olds reached the age of eight. If this study was simply longitudinal it would have taken six years before data collection was complete, therefore the combination of both approaches represents a fifty percent saving in time. It also allows for a check to be carried out on a possible cohort effect. Both data collection methods, the longitudinal and cross-sectional approach, can produce different findings on the same study. Weschslers cross-sectional study showed a decline in intelligence from the age of twenty. In contrast Schaie and Willis longitudinal study of intelligence showed an increase in intelligence up until the age of fifty. The reasons for the different findings is firstly the cohort effect, different past histories, connected to the cross-sectional approach and secondly participant attrition, that is to say participant drop out, associated with the longitudinal approach. In conclusion the longitudinal design is not the preferred approach for developmental psychologists because of the costs, time involved and participant attrition. On the other hand the cross-sectional design is very popular and is the preferred method as data covering a wide range of age points can be collected in a very short period of time. It is also cost effective and developmental questions can be answered quickly and efficiently. References Davey, G., (Ed) (2004) Complete Psychology. Oxon: Hodder Stroughton. Gleitman, H, Fridlund, A. J. F. Reisberg, D. (2004) Psychology (6th Ed.). New York: W.W.Norton. Cottrell, S., (2003) The Study Skills Handbook. (2nd Ed). Palgrave Macmillan. Millar, W.S. (2004) Methods used by Developmental Psychologists. Transcript PY 102C Developmental Psychology. Student No: 03037041

Psychological Ethical Egoism

Psychological Ethical Egoism A Comparative Analysis of Psychological and Ethical Egoism This essay is a comparative analysis of ethical egoism and psychological egoism. In order to clearly set the direction of this paper, I would first render the meaning these two concepts. Afterwards, I would explicate the strengths and weaknesses of psychological egoism and discuss the two versions of ethical egoism. Upon doing so, this paper would present the contrasting points of both theories. Psychological Egoism generally states that people are naturally selfish and would pursue their self-interest at all times. It further claims that even altruistic acts are, at the root of it, grounded on ones pursuit of his/her own welfare (Shaver, 2002). This concept of egoism states the motivation of self-interest as a fact, as such, a person does not choose to be â€Å"egoistic,† or selfish, he/she as a human being simply is. Take for example a mans decision to become a doctor, or to help charity, or even to help an old lady cross the street. Most of the time, the justifications a person gives for choosing to do these acts have altruistic inclinations. However, psychological egoists would contend that the motives of these acts are aimed still, at the individual who desires to perform them. A man who wants to be a doctor may want to help other people, but this can be seen as grounded too on his happiness being fulfilled when he sees that he has helped others. Giving to charit y would allow an individual to experience satisfaction by being generous, it keeps him happy and feeling good about himself or the more trivial reason is he wants to be praised for his actions. On the other hand, ethical egoism does not say that man would inevitably be motivated by his own interests. Rather, this doctrine purports a normative stance that people ought to pursue their welfare. This is to say that when one chooses to act upon, he or she must take into utmost consideration his or her own self-interest. Scholars deem this ethical theory as a deviant to traditional moral theories which gives emphasis on impersonal moral choices and the greater good of the greater number. Psychological egoism founds itself on a scientific discipline that demands for empirical proof and consistency in order to be considered true. However, scholars have criticized psychological egotists for failing to take into proper account that would counter-proof their claim of inherent selfish motivation. Instead, evidence and day-to-day observations would show that that there are acts that can be considered altruistic which the psychological egotists attempt to evade by misconstruing the concept of selfishness juxtapose to self-interest. Further, counter-examples made be seen through that are committed that are contrary to the best self-interest, and actions done without much thought of ones welfare. The lack of verifiability makes the claim of psychological egoism dubitable within the scientific community it initially launches itself from. In line with this, as a supposed empirical viewpoint, it has consequently committed a logical fallacy generally referred to as hasty generaliz ation. It attempts to make a universal claim of individuals but fails to take into consideration the other factors that would negate its conjecture. It impulsively over-simplified the complexity of the human being, relations, and social reality (Davidson, 2006). It has been purported that ethical egoism has two versions, these two divisions are clearly described by Davidson (2006) who wrote: The strong version asserts that it is always moral to endorse your own good and it is never moral not to do so. The weak version says that even though it is always moral to endorse your own good the converse is not necessarily accurate. There could be situations where it may be more important to ignore your own welfare when making a moral judgment. (Davidson, 2006) The strong version as we could ply tends to make a strict and universal maxim out of the pursuit for self-interest and welfare. It creates an assumption that when one follows that which would benefit him or her the most then it would consequently produce moral worth. The weak version tends to make room for exceptional cases wherein the ones self-interest is in a most unique sense of lesser significance to that of which one is morally asked to do. From what I have already laid down, we could already see the divergence of psychological egoism and ethical egoism. The former, psychological egoism is a descriptive in nature. It asserts self-interest and selfishness even, as a fact, embedded in human nature. While Ethical egoism is normative, it prescribes the pursuit of self-interest as something human beings should do. One could also see the themes of determinism and free will in both concepts. This is in the sense that when psychological egoists assert their claim, they implicitly endorse that the behavior and acts of man is determined by self-interest. On the other side, ethical egoists endorses that the motivation of self-interest is a choice, the right and moral way to choose. Consequently, it is quite obvious that there is a difference in the motivations of both theories. Psychological egoism asserts self-interest as an inevitable motive of human nature, while ethical egoism is grounded on the motivation to do what is morally best, which is of course, ones welfare (Davidson, 2006). It is often the case that issues and criticisms that arise with regards to these theories of egoism are due to the ambiguity and equivocation of the concept of self-interest and selfishness. It is important to note that one could pursue self-interest without necessarily being viewed as selfish. Psychological egoism can be criticized for its tendency to interchange the two, although a lot of its contemporaries have gone to correct such error. Ethical egoism allows us the free will to choose whats best and grants our rationality the capacity to determine whether there is excess in our pursuit of our interests. Self-interest is something we follow, calculating our benefits in our actions in order to produce the most advantageous position for ourselves. Selfishness is when, as individuals, we lose consideration of others, to think of ourselves, and our desires alone†¦ for me, a manifestation of unchecked vanity. References Shaver, R. (2002). Egoism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/ Davidson, B. (2006). Ethical and Psychological Egoism: An Explanation of theories. Associated Content. Retrieved November 7, 2007 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/93503/ethical_and_psychological_egoism.html?page=2

Gatsby :: essays research papers

"The Great Gatsby ", besides being a great literary piece, is a metaphor for a whole society, the American society. "The party was over" (Fitzgerald), which signifies a level of prophetic vision within the American society and its history. An essential part of this American characteristic of the novel, and its historicity, is about the American Dream. At the center of how Gatsby is a metaphor for a whole society, is the relationship between Europe, the already settled, which caused unsatisfaction and thus led to America, in which mercantilism and idealism are born and are a very important part of American History. In other words in American History, the human faculty of wonder is on the one hand, and the power and beauty of things is on the other. The book dramatizes this, directly in the life of Gatsby, how he changed his name and life from the already settled (Europe), for his dream (America). Gatsby's dream is the American Dream, that one can acquire happiness through wealth and power. Jay Gatsby had a love affair with the affluent Daisy, and knowing he couldn't marry her because of the difference on their social status, he leaves her in order to create wealth and reach her economic standards. When he achieve this wealth, Gatsby buys a house that is across the bay to Daisy's house, and throws immense and lavish parties, with the hope that Daisy would come to one of them. When he realizes this is very improbable, he starts asking various people from time to time if they know her. In this inquiry, he meets Jordan Baker, who tells him that Nick Carraway his neighbor is Daisy's cousin. Nick agrees to invite Daisy to his house one afternoon, and then let him over. Later, in the Buchanans house, when Gatsby is determined to watch and protect Daisy: "How long are you going to wait? "All night if necessary"" (Fitzgerald 152) Jay shows that he cannot accept that the past is the past and he is sure that he can capture his dream with wealth and influe nce and that Daisy has loved only him for all this time. Gatsby doesn't rest until his American dream is finally fulfilled, until Daisy is his. However it never becomes true and he ends dying because of it at the end. The dream both Gatsby and America had, was so unutterable that to a certain extent it was necessarily corruptible.

R.C. Sheriffs Journeys End :: Journeys End English Literature War Essays

R.C. Sheriff's Journey's End Journeys end was first produced on 9th December 1928. The play was presented on 21st January 1929. R.C.Sherrif did not set out to glorify war he set out to show the reality, devastation and what life was actually like during the war. R.C.Sherrif had been a soldier so those that knew what it was like saw his portrayal of warfare as authentic. He does this through eyes of officers, which is different to how it is done by most play writers, as their role is more senior and after doing their duties they also have responsibility for other men and their lives. The five principal roles in Journey’s end are of four officers Osborne, Raleigh, Trotter and Hibbert but there is also Stanhope who is the commander of ‘c’ company. They all represent very different characters, Osborne is a very level-headed, older more mature person. Raleigh is a young boy who has just left school. He finds the war very exciting and he is enthusiastic about it. Trotter is a fat, jolly sort who loves his food; he is a very homely man. Stanhope is the authoritarian yet he needs alcohol to cope but he takes his job very seriously. Hibbert is basically a waste of space he is a malingerer as he tries to get home by faking an illness; it backfires on him though as Stanhope has the same illness and he is still there, he refuses to let Hibbert go home, yet Hibbert says he will go anyways but then Stanhope talks him into staying. I think R.C.Sherrif uses five people with very different characteristics and emotions to show how different people cope with the stresses of the War. Act three scenes one and two offer the first dramatic parts in Journey’s end. Most of the play up to this point is building up, conversation between the officers, with them building Raleigh’s knowledge of what will happen during the big raid. At the beginning of Act three scene one the colonel comes to see if everything is ready. When they do the raid and get the German Soldier, they don’t find out much. I think R.C.Sherrif does this because with him knowing what life was like in the war he is trying to get the point across to the audience that things don’t always go as they are planned. Then when you find out Osborne and Men have been killed it seems like a waste of time and lives. In the next scene when you see how all the men feel, it really feels authentic to how the men would of felt and makes you

Cambodia - The Rise of the Khmer Rouge and the Genocide (1976-1978) Ess

During the Khmer Rouge regime, Cambodia was turned into a giant labor camp creating a system of terror, genocide, and attempted cultural annihilation-a series of drastic events that the country is still recovering from. The years contained within this regime were devastating for the nation of Cambodia, with the establishment of the Khmer Rouge, a left-wing Communist political party whose actions have had an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on the political, economic and social structure of Cambodia-ruining the lives of millions. As a strong communist organization with aims for Cambodia that would leave the country in dire need of help, the Khmer Rouge defectively impacted the easy-going life Cambodians knew. With much determination, the Khmer Rouge was an insurgent movement of varying ideological backgrounds developed against the Lon Nol regime in 1960 (Rowat 2006). It began as a left-wing organization made up of a small group of French educated communists, but soon grew to become Cambodia?s leading and most influential political party. Following the establishment of the party, the Khmer Rouge?s revolutionary army grew rapidly, aiming to consolidate its control taking over most of the country (Dennis 1988). Their leader Pol Pot was an admirer of Maoist communism, which is where the group?s strong communist ideas originated. Pol Pot?s ideologies for the future of Cambodia were truly corrupted and powerfully triggered the downfall of the nation of Cambodia (Peace Pledge Union 2007). Pol Pot wanted to wipe out all traces of the old Cambodia and start a new society, one that was strictly ordered and structured by a series of rules. With the Khmer Rouge becoming even more powerful in the very late 1960s, US bombers interfered to st... ... 30 000 Vietnamese. In December of 1977, the Khmer Rouge broke off diplomatic relations with Vietnam, who retaliated with an attack 30 km into Cambodia in 1978 (Sutherland 1990, p. 158). Upon occupation, the Vietnamese were welcomed at first by the Cambodians as their saviours from the Khmer Rouge extremists (Sutherland 1990, p. 161). During the Khmer Rouge regime, Cambodia was turned into a giant labour camp creating a system of terror, genocide, and attempted cultural annihilation, a series of drastic events that the country is still recovering from. The years contained within this regime were devastating for the nation of Cambodia, with the establishment of the Khmer Rouge, a left-wing Communist political party whose actions have had an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on the political, economic and social structure of Cambodia, ruining the lives of millions.

Why Do We Need Laws

Why do we need laws? The law controls social relations and behavior To satisfy our basic needs and to exploit the full potential of human existence, people have always sought to live in company or society with others, the basis of this existence, by its very nature, must involve social interaction. To ensure the society functions effectively and survives it is necessary to establish norms of acceptable behavior. The state may impose sanctions or punishments on those who fail to comply with these rules.Although these norms are generally accepted by members of the society and are included in the legal order, social interaction will inevitably lead to disputes because of conflicting interests of individuals and groups. It is difficult for groups of individuals to live in perfect harmony. The objective of any legal system will be providing answers to everyday problems that arise. The solutions to such problems must accord with the objectives that are judged by the community to be sociall y desirable. The law tells people what they must do or refrain from doing.Without laws, there would be no code of what is acceptable behavior, without laws, anarchy and chaos would occur society. The law protects individuals and their rights The main focus of the law is to protect the rights of individuals in society. In order to feel safe and secure whether at home or in wider community laws are needed to protect our rights. If a crime is committed against a person, the police will investigate and the offender will be prosecuted through the courts and receive a punishment.Under civil law, if an individual’s rights have been infringed the courts may provide compensation to the individual for the damage they have suffered. The law reflects community values Each society has a set of values and beliefs that are important to the individuals of that society. Laws are needed to protect the values of the community and to reflect the society’s beliefs of what is acceptable and unacceptable. To most societies, an important value is the importance of human life; as a result any actions that harm of interfere with the quality of human life would be against the law.As society changes, it is important that the law also changes to reflect changing values and attitudes in the community. However, there are areas of the law where there are conflicting values within the community some examples include voluntary euthanasia, human cloning and same sex marriages. There has been recent controversial discussions concerning the banning of smoking in private residences due to the impact of smoking on children and pets who share a house with smokers. The law protects society Laws are needed to protect society as a whole from the prospect of danger, harm and fear.Laws ensure society’s safety. The provision of imprisonment under the criminal law protects society by removing the offender from the community for a designated period of time. Penalties imposed by the cour ts can act as a deterrent to the wider community in that the consequences of committing a criminal offence are widely known and people will refrain from committing offences in the future, resulting in the protection of society. Homework: Revise the reasons we read laws Read the media clip p12 and answer questions 1,2,3,4,5

Auteur Essay: Tarantino and Lee Moulding Emotions Essay

A common goal for most modern directors is to engage the audience emotionally. It’s a seemingly simple task that is often left by the wayside, half finished and ineffective. Those directors that do achieve this task, tend to make better movies. Two such directors are Ang Lee and Quentin Tarantino. The ways that they manipulate their audience’s emotions are completely different yet they are both effective. Where Tarantino’s manipulation of tension is unmatched in the modern world, Lee’s grace and subtlety often leaves audience’s with a sense of awe and wonder. The manipulation of an audience’s emotions is often a difficult task but Lee and Tarantino achieve it in their own unique ways. Suspense, defined by the Oxford dictionary, is a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen. Quentin Tarantino’s manipulation of suspense and tension in a scene is unmatched in today’s world. Like the former â€Å"Master of Suspense† himself, Alfred Hitchcock, Quentin Tarantino leads the audience to a the point of near exhaustion, through the pent up pressure in his trademark lengthy scenes. These scenes serve to focus every ounce of mental and emotional energy on the situation, instead of cutting away to an inter-related subplot elsewhere and releasing the pressure, as is conventional. In the film â€Å"Inglourious Basterds† (2009), Tarantino leaves the audience gasping for breath right from the opening scene. The scene, in which a German â€Å"Jew Hunter† is questioning a farmer about the Jews hiding on his farm, is built up over nearly twenty minutes of pure dialogue between the two, as the German manipulates the farmer into telling him where the fugitives are. As the scene progresses, it grows increasingly obvious that the German is playing a horrible game with the farmer and the audience. As the farmer is slowly reduced to tears, the music escalates, the ticking of the clock grows louder and the camera circles the pair, making the audience feel trapped and vulnerable. It’s despair the audience feels as the Jews are finally gunned down through the floorboards amid the screams of frantic violins and only then does Tarantino release his choke hold on the audiences emotions, letting the pressure off slightly. However, the masterful effect achieved here is that the audience is almost glad that the scene was resolved, however heinous it was. It lets the audience know that the ride is only starting and that they’d better buckle up. In the same movie Tarantino again demonstrates his ultimate control over the audience. The scene is another tense, pressure filled affair, as a group of undercover allied spies are trying to work their way out of a conversation with a Gestapo agent in a French bar. The manipulation of mis en scen is excellent as every element is used to full advantage. The audience is made to squirm in discomfort as the bar gets quieter and quieter and the Gestapo agent asks more threatening questions. The ambient lighting of the set serves to make the audience feel calm and safe but as the situation progresses the lighting seems harsher and brighter as the scene grows more tense. The scene itself, which is about twenty minutes long, starts off relatively light hearted with a game of cards between a group of enlisted Germans who are celebrating a comrades new baby. Strangely the camera stays with this group for longer than really necessary, to make the audience feel attached to the group especially the new born father. The reason why this was done becomes clear later as all his friends are slaughtered and he is left bargaining for his life, which adds yet another emotional sub-plot to the scene that the audience must deal with. In both these examples Tarantino manipulates sound to build the tension in the scene and escalate the suspense. Put simply, Tarantino â€Å"moulds† his audience throughout a scene, showing his absolute control over mis en scen, the editing process and the audience. The way in which Ang Lee conducts a scene is completely unique in today’s world. Contrasting to Tarantino’s â€Å"moulding† of the audience, Lee concentrates on making the scene â€Å"beautiful† in both the emotional and physical sense. This in fact is Lee’s own version of â€Å"moulding†, except his does so in a much more subtle fashion to connect to the audience on a higher level. In his Academy Award winning film â€Å"Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon† (2001), every single movement has a gentle, graceful feel. This is exemplified in the first combat scene, where Yu and Jen are fighting over a stolen sword. The quick, yet elegant style of movement makes the scene flow far better than a traditional fight passage where the viewer is wrenched through fast paced camera angles and shots coupled with gratuitous violence. In this scene, camera angles and shots are sparing and well used and the gentle way in which the characters manoeuvre, leave the audience feeling not an adrenaline rush but strangely calm and at ease. Similarly in â€Å"Brokeback Mountain† (2005) Lee strives to communicate beauty on multiple levels. In the scene where Ennis is visiting Jacks parents, he goes to Jacks bedroom. In this powerful scene, there is no dialogue or interaction between other characters. The camera follows Ennis as he tenderly caresses the clothes in Jacks cupboard and sits wistfully by the window with tears in his eyes. This scene is significant because it demonstrates how even though there was no interactions or dialogue it still is deeply affecting and meaningful. Ang Lee seeks to reveal the beauty of all his scenes no matter how different and diverse that beauty is. In conclusion, even though Ang Lee and Quentin Tarantino differ greatly in their techniques, they both achieve something that modern directors rarely accomplish. They connect with their audience and as a result control their emotions. From Tarantino’s masterful use of suspense, to Lee’s ballet-like grace and control over a scene, they both affect the audience in ways that compliment both the scene and their film. These two directors prove that if you control the audience’s emotions you control their outlook on the film and ultimately how successfully it is.

Global honors Essay

The flag of Mali consists of three equal sized vertical stripes ,the left stripe is green; the middle is yellow; and the right stripe is red. The green stripe signifies hope, yellow symbolizes purity and wealth and red symbolizes the force and the struggles of the heroes of independence.The Mali flag was created on March 1, 1961. Mali gained independence from France on September 22, 1960. The first flag of Mali was adopted on April 4, 1959, when French Sudan and Senegal formed the Mali Federation. Senegal left in August, 1960 and the flag was changed in 1961. The flag of Senegal is similar to Mali’s except it has a star in the middle of it. The flags were based on the French flag, except Pan African colors were used. The colors were also those of the African Democratic Rally which was the political party who led the fight for independence. The black kanaga has been the crowning feature of the flag of Mali together with the tricolors until the kanaga was taken out on March 1, 1961. The Muslim pressured the goverment to take out the images in the flag , they did not approve of making images of the human shape.†Flag of Mali.† à ¢Ã‚€Â“ Malian Flags History, Meaning, Image & Symbol. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Mali’s flag colors are vibrant green, yellow, and green. How do these colors represent nationalism? Well the green in the flag symbolizes hope , Hope means to have a desire or wish and to wait in eager anticipation for it to be fulfilled. In addiction, hope is having confidence, expectation and belief in others and things. SInce the Goverment have hope in confidence in everyone, the people also have hope in the goverment and themselves which makes their country tighter.The yellow significes purity and wealth. If Mali’s country have purity (cleanliness) and florishes in wealth , I think everyone in Mali wouldnt want to leave. Mali became wealthy by trade, rules, and the army.The red on the flag represent the force and the struggles of the heroes of independence.In the French constitutional of 1958, French Sudan voted to join the French Community as the Sudanese Republic. In 1959 the republic joined Senegal to form the Mali Federation, but political differences interupted the union in 1960. That same year, the Sudanese Republic, renamed the Republic of Mali, obtained full independence from France and severed ties with the French Community.†Independence and Beyond.†Ã‚  Infoplease.Infoplease,n.d.Web.16Oct.2012. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859453.html. The country of Mali means alot to their people , their hope, purity, wealth, and bloodshed to get indepence from france is what makes the people have nationalism and beleive in their country.

Argumentative Essay about College Experience

Hey Ben! I was talking with Sean yesterday when he told me the news, you're planning to delay college. This came as a shock to me when I heard it. By not attending college, you may get a year's rest and a chance to think your decisions through, but if you ever do decide to attend college, you will miss out on a lot of opportunities as well. I think you should consider going to college rather than driving the open road after High The information you've learned in High School will be more fresh in your mind now than 1 year from now. You have passed 12 years of schooling, yet now you believe it is time to rest and see other places and people for a year or more before attempting college. College adds 4 more years of intense work, yet knowledge learned within High School can make learning new material easier for you. Other people often find themselves getting sidetracked once they put off the option to attend college, that can only hinder your ability to eventually become a college graduate. College can be a fun experience if shared with friends and people of similar age. By aiting an extra year or two, you will find it more uncomfortable within your classes. The entire college experience involves parties, football games, and drinking beer with your buddies as well as an education. As you get into the entire experience and enjoy college, you will understand and appreciate what a college offers. The ideal time for college is now more than ever as you also have scholarships and your parents to help with the expensive money arrangement which is needed. Parents can be a great help in paying for your college, and may be willing to pay much more mmediately after graduation from High School, than paying 2 years afterwards. Scholarships are always helpful to students, paying for a little bit of an expensive college. Although, to use the scholarship, you must go immediately to college. A College education right now is a lot more beneficial to you and your future than you may realize. It can lead to earlier jobs with increased salaries, better college experience, and scholarships to help pay for it all. I hope the arguments I mentioned above help you to see the other side of this situation and choose appropriately. Argumentative Essay about College Experience Hey Ben! I was talking with Sean yesterday when he told me the news, you're planning to delay college. This came as a shock to me when I heard it. By not attending college, you may get a year's rest and a chance to think your decisions through, but if you ever do decide to attend college, you will miss out on a lot of opportunities as well. I think you should consider going to college rather than driving the open road after High The information you've learned in High School will be more fresh in your mind now than 1 year from now. You have passed 12 years of schooling, yet now you believe it is time to rest and see other places and people for a year or more before attempting college. College adds 4 more years of intense work, yet knowledge learned within High School can make learning new material easier for you. Other people often find themselves getting sidetracked once they put off the option to attend college, that can only hinder your ability to eventually become a college graduate. College can be a fun experience if shared with friends and people of similar age. By aiting an extra year or two, you will find it more uncomfortable within your classes. The entire college experience involves parties, football games, and drinking beer with your buddies as well as an education. As you get into the entire experience and enjoy college, you will understand and appreciate what a college offers. The ideal time for college is now more than ever as you also have scholarships and your parents to help with the expensive money arrangement which is needed. Parents can be a great help in paying for your college, and may be willing to pay much more mmediately after graduation from High School, than paying 2 years afterwards. Scholarships are always helpful to students, paying for a little bit of an expensive college. Although, to use the scholarship, you must go immediately to college. A College education right now is a lot more beneficial to you and your future than you may realize. It can lead to earlier jobs with increased salaries, better college experience, and scholarships to help pay for it all. I hope the arguments I mentioned above help you to see the other side of this situation and choose appropriately.

Buyer Behaviour and Integrated Marketing Communication-Starbucks goes Literature review

Buyer Behaviour and Integrated Marketing Communication-Starbucks goes to India - Literature review Example To go ahead with this task, a detailed customer profile is required depending on the targeted segments because in general, as a long term strategy, customers are segmented based on their demographics, marketing habits etc. India is the largest democracy and has the 'distinction' of having population levels second only to China. Present youth profile gives a clear impression that the youth of the day believes in hanging out with the friend circle after a day-long school/ college/ work. The burgeoning IT-enabled services sector, outsourcing, and the call center phenomenon is giving plenty of opportunities as well as a good amount of spare bucks to spend, to the youth of the day. Call centers have been one of the growth triggers as far as an increase in coffee consumption is concerned. Earlier a coffee house's customer was limited to individuals who worked daytime hours, but no more, now we have the nightlife as well in coffee houses, religiously followed by the neo-rich group of professionals who work a night-time shift. Need for a venue to socialize with others of their age who share their interests comes in handy for a coffee house. Â  Besides the youth, other working class and couples can also be a target market for Starbucks in India. There are competitors like Barista, Cafe Coffee, Cafe Mocha etc. And some of these brands do have a good international presence as well. Having well familiarized themselves with the Indian terrain and coffee habits, these brands will prove to be a force to reckon with. Moreover, at times, for a change, the customer in India relishes to enter a coffee house and look for beverages other than coffee and some other eatables. Therefore Starbucks needs to plan its strategy accordingly. Maybe it can think of having a tie-up with some other established brands like Pepsi, Coke etc. for the presence of their products within its premises. Company-operated retail stores accounted for approximately 84% of net revenues during fiscal 2004.

Environmental Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Pressures - Essay Example As such, it is the hope of this author that by enumerating upon and elaborating with regards to the extent and level of change that these pressures entail, the reader will come to a more informed understanding of how human resources departments within the system can work to ameliorate these pressures. In this way figure 1.0 below describes these six pressures within terms of whether they are organizational in nature or environmental. Additionally, in the left-hand column, these pressures have been ranked according to the overall risk for change that this author believes that exhibit. This ranking scales from one, relatively low risk to three, relatively high risk. Figure 1.0 Organizational Environmental    Management Changes Competitor Threat Changes 3 Personnel Changes Governmental Regulations Changes 2 Internal Reporting Changes Technological Changes 1 With regards to the most potential risk and pressure, the reader can and should integrate with the understanding that management changes portend a great level of change for any organization. This level of management change not only portends pressures with regards to how workflows accomplish, but can affect the bottom line of whatever firm or organization it integrates with. This is of course due to the fact that different metrics and milestones will be exhibited by different managers. In such a way, the employees and stakeholders which must incorporate these changes will necessarily experience a certain loss of efficiency and utility during the transitional period; reflecting negatively on the overall financial strength and solidity of the organization (Hsu et al, 2010). Further down the list, individual personnel changes can affect the way in which workflow is accomplished and can place organizational pressures upon individuals that are tangentially related to whatever personnel changes have been affected. Likewise, personnel changes also have a profound impact upon the way in which financial stability is re cognized within the entity. Due to the fact that a change in workflow is necessarily demanded by personnel changes, a level of utility not dissimilar to the loss of utility mentioned with regards to management changes is realized within the organization. Similarly, internal reporting changes can place a level of pressure on the organization with regards to a new level of standardization and skill sets that are required of individual employees as compared previously. As can be seen from the above figure, the level and extent to which this pressure threatens the organization is relatively low compared to the others which have already been mentioned. Likewise, with regards to the environmental changes, the threat from outside competition necessarily ranks highest. Due to the fact that this threat is one which ultimately cannot be anticipated, it is the responsibility of human resources assets within the firm in question to seek to ameliorate this threat by ensuring that the firm and it s employees are able to integrate with current market needs and maximize efficiency and utility at each and every juncture. In such a way, the financial threat that this particular pressure implies can be massive. Due to the fact that environmental change of this magnitude can undercut the ability of a given entity to generate profits, this is necessarily been ranked as the most dangerous and powerful of the three environmental pressures listed. Following the list

Criminal Identification Procedures in the 21st Century Research Paper - 1

Criminal Identification Procedures in the 21st Century - Research Paper Example In the nascent stage of criminal identification, the law enforcement agencies and institutions relied on raw techniques like anthropometry that relied on the dimensions of varied body parts like cheek width and arm span for identifying criminals (Stern, 2001). However, the cause of justice soon realized that criminal identification happened to be a pivotal legal step and hence needs to be based on more reliable techniques (Stern, 2001). Hence, fingerprinting eventually evolved to be a more specialized method of criminal identification. However, this technique also has its limitations. Many a times the distorted or smudged fingerprints picked up from a crime scene do not totally corroborate with the intact fingerprints taken by a technician under ideal conditions (Stern, 2001). However, doubts are now being raised on the credibility of finger printing in the light of the techniques used to gather fingerprints from the crime scenes not being that perfect (Stern, 2001). Yet, there is mu ch to hope in the sense that in the 21st century, science has facilitated law with varied more accurate criminal identification techniques like DNA analysis, biometrics, palmprint technique, which are more accurate and authentic. In that context it is heartening to mention that DNA analysis has emerged as being a highly reliable procedure in the arena of criminal identification. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, simply speaking happens to be a blueprint of any individual’s body that all humans carry in the cells of their body (Snow, 2005, p. 124). The DNA of a suspect could by easily recovered from hair, skin cells, body fluids like blood and semen and also any trace of any tissue left by a suspect at a crime scene (Snow, 2005, p. 124). Scientific studies have proven beyond doubt that the DNA of every individual happens to be unique and unlike the smudged or tampered fingerprints collected from a crime scene, the DNA of a suspect in no way gets altered under

Toyota. Background and Company History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota. Background and Company History - Essay Example It enjoys a market share of about 45% in Japan alone. Cho was the executive officer who catapulted Toyota into its current state due to his hard work and determination. Cho derived management experience and skills from Taichi Ohno who was the founder of legendary Toyota Production System. Toyota is known to be producing numerous models of cars that ranging from Corolla, Lexus to the Scion xB (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota enjoys huge revenues and profits from various parts of the world. The company has thousands of employees across the world. The company’s success is attributed to the fact that they build on every challenge and maximize on every opportunity that comes across. Toyota has relaxed her flexes by being able to adapt to any positive change without being too rigid (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). The company has had booming sales across the globe especially in areas where they have bigger market shares. Toyota’s share in the U.S market is 11.2% where they made sale s of 1.94million and 756, 000 sales in Europe where they have market share of 4.4%. Toyota’s model leaders in North America are Lexus while in Europe the leading models are Yaris and new Avensis. In Southwest Asia, Toyota made sales of 268, 000 where their durable Qualis suv was a big hit in India. In Southeast Asia the company made sales 455, 000 where they assemble cars in seven countries with an intention of expanding their operations in Thailand and Indonesia. Some other markets where Toyota is doing exceptionally well are South America, Africa, China and Japan where they made sales of 97, 000, 140,000, 58, 000 and 1.68 million respectively (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Cho’s positive attitude towards the company has seen it surviving amid fierce competition from other companies such as General Motors. He initiated adaptation of cost competitiveness in the 21st century that is currently used in the company. Frugality is an important aspect that has contributed to the s uccess of Toyota (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota usually minimizes cost of production in various ways such as reducing of prices on the major constituents of the new models by around 30%. The company concentrates on how to reduce wastage of time and money as much as possible. Also Toyota pays close attention to the customers’ demand as a way of coming up with car models that are consistent with what the customers want (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Customer/Target market Toyota Company is working on better ways of enhancing their economy, market share and maintaining a sustainable and stable world market. As a tool of global expansion the company creates and invests in various strategies. The company tirelessly works on a number of strategies to enable it reach her set goals and objectives over a given period of time (Bremner & Dawson, 2003). Toyota enjoys a wide range of expertise assisting it in carrying out research and development which are essential in the growth of the glob al market. R&D has ensured high class delivery of products and services. The company also has an extensive array of distribution network globally that enables it to reach a bigger share of the market. Toyota’s customers are really diverse and they comprise of low income earners as well as high income earners who are widespread globally. The company successfully caters for the needs and wants of their customers by creating a wide range of motor vehicles stretching from small sports cars, vans, large family vehicles and trucks. The high class customers are provided with classy and elegance cars while the low income earners also enjoy an opportunity of having a basic mode of transportation which sufficiently satisfy their needs and income (Capon & Hulbert, 2007).Toyota enjoys a good share of North

Research proposal about special education Major P.H.D program

About special education Major P.H.D program - Research Proposal Example For this purpose, the researcher has formulated the research aim and objectives that have been stated below: The research aims to state the importance of special education at the PhD level along with highlighting its importance in creating a difference in the society by supporting and guiding students with special needs. For this purpose, few research objectives have been designed stated below. The literature review is aimed to present an understanding over the literature written in the context of special education highlighting its relevance and importance along with its benefits in the social environment. The idea is form an understanding that will help in gaining knowledge about special education along with its worth and importance as adding value in the personal and professional setups. Special education is meant for students with special needs covering individual differences in a systematic manner. It involves individually or group planned objectives, teaching procedures and useful and innovative interventions designed to help students to attain higher level of understanding leading to self sufficiency (Swan, Morgan, 1993). Special education can be offered within a school, college or community with the prime motive of paying focus on special needs of students. Special needs may include challenges with learning, physical disabilities, emotional and mental disorders and developmental disorders. Education can be offered to anyone using classroom setting or sharing of knowledge. However, special education demands more of a systematic and compassionate approach as students’ special needs often reduce their ability to learn independently and thus thwarting their progress in the learning phase (Goodman, 1990). Special education requires more of a compassionate app roach that cannot be offered in a general classroom setting. With social stigma attached with special education, it is

CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

CASE STUDY - Essay Example In 1972 the company reported Net Income of $172.7 million that increased by more than hundred percent to $497.3 million. The financial performance of the company was characterized by steady and consistent growth and rising profitability. AHP increased revenues, earnings and shareholders’ dividends for straight 29 years. The company managed to retain the growth in the range of 10 percent and 15 percent in recent years. This growth was financed by the company through internal means even though it paid roughly 60 percent of the earnings as dividends. The earnings growth of the company boosted the share price of the company by nearly three times. The steady growth in sales and rising EPS made the shares of the company an attractive ‘buy’ among the institutional investors. The low debt exposure of AHP seemed to work in favor of the company as it gained wider acceptance from the institutional investors. To couple with this the steady rise in the return on equity of the company seemed to attract more number of buyers which can be the reason for the three fold rise in the share price of the company. The cash flow position of the company was also very strong as evident from the steady rise in the Cash position of the company. In 1976 the company had Cash of nearly $358.8 million that grew to $729.1 million. Even though the company declared a generous portion of the profits as dividend the cash reserves of the company kept rising steadily. In fact the growth in cash reserves even outpaced the growth rate in sales and profits. This ensured that the liquidity position of the company remained strong. A high liquidity, as measured by a high current ratio, is a good sign as it signifies that the company is capable of taking care of any financial emergency (Siegel, et al., 1997, pp80). Warner Lambert was the only company that was comparable to AHP. Like AHP the former also operated in roughly the same businesses and had a debt

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank Term Paper

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank - Term Paper Example Additionally, the banker’s magazine of china ranks Harbin bank at position 9 among the companies that trade with assets of more than 80 billion Yuan in the whole country. Harbin bank’s mission statement is â€Å"to create profits to her shareholders, make customers get more value, make the employees have hope in their future and also create wealth to the society†. This is in line with her philosophy of â€Å"inclusive finance and harmoniously getting rich†. Being based in the Northeast of China, Harbin bank is geared to supporting the SME’s and also in creating an international micro credit bank which is renowned. Harbin bank made a wise decision to offer loans to small and medium size enterprises (SME’s) since 2004 and the shifting of the focus to the SME’s has solved the financial problems of the SME’s. Harbin bank’s small loans are classified into four main parts, namely, loans for farmers, loans for small enterprises, loans for personal consumption, and loans for micro-enterprises. According to the banks financial statement, by the end of 2009, the small loan bank balance was 18.933 billion Yuan. This accounted for 60% of the bank’s total credit asset. ... The focus of my work specifically was in issuing of loans to the small and the medium sized enterprises. As part of the orientation to the company and to renaissance myself to the processes in the bank, the manager assigned one of the employees who was knowledgeable and very familiar with the processes of lending of the money to help me with most of the work. After some time, with the assistance I got from her, I got the whole idea and came to learn the whole process of issuing of the loans. This improved the rest of my working days with the bank. The initial step in the process of lending was communication between the customer with the bank. Moreover, the company which needs the money need to have a meeting with the bank for the purpose of sharing information between the bank and the company. The information arrives at a common agreement on the laid down conditions between the two parties. During this process we ask questions concerning the condition of the company. For instance, ho w much they need, their plans for the loan, the number of creditors and the number of the debtors and the collateral they plan to pledge. After analyzing their application and their documents, we give them information on how much the bank is willing and capable of lending them and their required payback amount. If the two parties strike a common ground in the negotiation table then, we ask the company to prepare materials for the bank to process the loan. The documents we always request to be provided are supposed to be original and their copies and they include company ownership documents, licenses of the business, loan application, financial report capital verification report, tax registration certificate among others.

Business Process management as a real , meaningful change strategy Essay

Business Process management as a real , meaningful change strategy - Essay Example When speaking of BPM one is simply speaking about formalizing the business processes in order to direct efforts to best accommodate the needs of clients through controlling the entire organizational efforts. Broadly speaking it is the case that BPM incorporates an approach that aims to improve management activities in six specific categories. The first category covered under BPM is company vision which aims to generate what the strategic vision of the firm should be. The following process category is design, which focuses management efforts to identify the existing work processes and potential future design processes. After this point, attention is given to the modeling process which looks to separate variables to help determine what effect larger organizational changes might have. Building on this previous point attention is given to execution which is the actual pursuing of the steps involved in the process. As a significant component of BPM is monitoring, it as at this stage where it is implemented and special consideration is given to collecting as much data as possible. As a final point of the BPM process, optimization is incorporated in which based on relevant feedback from the monitoring process changes can be made in order to ensure better work flow in the future. As with any business process change strategy, one operates under the assumption that the main benefit of BPM is to streamline all business processes to improve the satisfaction of customer needs or increase profits. The consequence of implementing BPM would supposedly generate an improvement in overall customer satisfaction (Through faster turnaround or improvements in product quality), improved customer relations, increased profits etc. One major concern that BPM hopes to improve is the idea that different stakeholders within an organization often have very different goals. It could be argued that marketing professionals within an organization often have different objectives than computer pro grammers. For example, programmers often may develop programs that are best suited for the purpose but may be technically abstract for clients yet marketing professionals look to promote products that are best suited to accommodate the customer needs yet may be technologically deficient. In this scenario BPM would look to align all work processes from first point of contact though to the delivery of the final product. Where this differs from other management process such as Six Sigma according to Breyfogle (2004) is the example that BMP effectively enhances six sigma based initiative by providing a software based solution to measure, define, analyze as well as control business processes. By incorporating a technological aspect to the process one gains a better control on the effectiveness of protocols. The issue of whether or not BBM is merely a fad or here to stay is tricky. Over the years there have been many business improvement initiative processes that have fallen by the waysid e. However a strong argument can be made that this process is here to stay. Where this process differs from its contemporaries is that it seeks to incorporate a technological monitoring process that generates meaningful control and feedback. From an IT perspective, when incorporated effectively the process would require the development of software monitoring solutions as a means of generating meaningful feedback. As it

Background and conditions Essay Example for Free

Background and conditions Essay How is it possible that two people grow up together in the same family background and conditions, yet turn out to be strangers? How is it possible that two people who have lived together for many years are strangers to each other at the end? In Sonnys Blues, two brothers the narrator and Sonny, grows up together in Harlem, fall apart as they grow older, and live completely different lives. In Lullaby, Ayah feels that Chato, her husband, has remained stranger to her even when they have spend forty years together, facing all the hardships and sufferings given by life. In Sonny Blues, the narrator is the older brother who is conservative, determined, and a kind of family person. Sonny, who is his younger brother, is carefree and undecided about his future plans. It is sometimes very difficult to understand how two people coming from the same background live life completely opposite from each other. As the narrator and Sonny grow into adults, one moves towards success and the other moves towards failure. Once when their mother was dead, their lives completely changed. The narrator wants Sonny to finish his school and think about his future seriously. After knowing Sonnys plans to play jazz music, the narrator is surprised and annoyed. His conservative thinking and definition of success makes him unable to understand his brothers feelings. He fails to understand that music is Sonnys life and thats what he wants to do all his life. That makes him feel that he doesnt know his brother at all. He is like a stranger to him. The narrator, in some way or the other, wants his brother to be like himself and wants him to do whatever he thinks is safe and right for his future. So Sonny was forced to move in with his brothers fianci e, Isabel, where he has to stay until he finished high school. Sonny starts skipping school and eventually he ceases to go all together. He has been spending all his time with some musicians in a white girls apartment. He is scolded and screamed at by Isabels mother and that is what breaks him down and he runs away. After that, whenever the two brothers met they always fought awfully. It is hard to not be able to fit into society and that is why Sonny turned to drugs for a sense of belonging. Nobody was aware about this problem until it was too late. The narrator has never been a good listener to his brother. That is what I think is the greatest factor that gives him the sense of alienation towards his brother. Sonny was always kept away from his dreams. At the end of the story, the narrator for the first time listens to his brother after all these years and tries to understand him and the sufferings he has to face all his life and tries to console him. Thats when he hears him playing the piano and he ends up being proud of his brother. He becomes the important person in Sonnys life, on the way from suffering to success. They both end up happy and understanding each other much better. In Lullaby, Ayah, the old woman and her husband, Chato have lived together for forty years. Together, they have seen their three children getting apart. Ayah hates white people because she thinks that Jimmie, their eldest son, died due to them. BIA-Bureau of Indian Affairs, who consists of white people, takes away her other two children. On the other hand, Chato is always eager to learn white ways of living. He is fluent in both English and Spanish languages and works for white people in a horse farm. She hated him for teaching her to sign her name in English because thats what takes her children away from her. If she had not signed it, her children would never have departed. The white people fired Chato; he became ill after that. As Ayah describes it, That satisfied her. To see how the white man repaid years of loyalty and work. All of Chatos fine -sounding English talk didnt change things(Baldwin 127). This shows that Ayah was so rigid about her thoughts for white people that she didnt even spare her husband from criticizing. They got some money from the government that Chato spends for his wine. He was sick and drunk one evening when Ayah had to go to pick him up from the bar. That is when she feels a sense of alienation and estrangement towards Chato. She could not see him as a person so ill, drunk, and broken mentally from what he has faced after his sincere and loyal work toward white people. This feeling is very different from what the narrator in Sonnys Blues feels about his brother at some point in the story. Even if Ayah and the narrator in both the stories feel the sense of estrangement and alienation towards the people, so close to their hearts, it is different. The narrator and Sonny never stayed together for long when they grew up. They were always apart and different. Ayah and Chato were different in every way but they lived together all their life, they knew they had, and faced every suffering together. When Ayah sees Chato losing his strength to fight against the hard facts towards life, she feels this sense of estrangement. She has never seen Chato losing or giving up. She has always seen him facing the difficulties with courage and determination. She feels that they are old now. In Sonnys blues, both the brothers end up happily, but in Lullaby, the end is sad. Ayah has nothing to say about anything anymore. Her life has become memories. But the narrator and Sonny have a lot to do together in their life.

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay Example for Free

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay The senior management has been advised by the legal department that the organization will need to become PCI DSS compliant before using online applications that accept credit cards and customer personal information. The management isn’t familiar with PCI DSS compliance; therefore, the management asked you to prepare a recommendation explaining PCI DSS compliance, how the organization can move through the compliance process, and the consequences of noncompliance. PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. PCI DSS originally began as five different programs: Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover and JCB data security programs. Each company creates an additional level of protection for card issuers by ensuring that merchants meet minimum levels of security when they store, process and transmit cardholder data. PCI DSS specifies 12 requirements for compliance, organized into six logically related groups called control objectives. Each version of PCI DSS has divided these 12 requirements into a number of sub-requirements differently, but the 12 high level requirements have not changed since the inception standard. The control objectives are Build and maintain a secure network, protect cardholder data, maintain a vulnerability management program, implement strong access control measures, regularly monitor and test networks and maintain an information security policy. The requirements for compliance are, install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect card holder data, do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters, protect stored cardholder data, encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open public networks, use and regularly update anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware, develop and maintain secure systems and applications, restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know, assign a unique ID to each person with computer access, restrict physical access to card holder data, track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data, regularly test security systems and processes and maintain a p olicy that addresses information security. According to Visa, no compromised entity has yet been found to be in compliance with PCI DSS at the time of a breach. Assessments examine the compliance of merchants and services providers with the PCI DSS at a specific point in  time and frequently utilize a sampling methodology to allow compliance to be demonstrated through representative systems and processes. It is the responsibility of the merchant and service provider to achieve, demonstrate, and maintain their compliance at all times both throughout the annual validation/assessment cycle and across all system and processes in their entirely.

What Is Ethics And Its Types

What Is Ethics And Its Types Ethics are principles of professionals conduct. Ethics is broader than what is stated by law, customs and public opinion. For example, accepting gifts from father in law might be socially acceptable but not ethically. Ethical behaviour may differ from society to society for example: birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society. Ethical standards are ideals of human conduct. Defining ethical standards is not an easy task. Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy, a treatise on this study. Thus we say that ethics is the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc. Ethics, according to VSP RAO (2004) is defined Ethics as: a body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behaviours of individuals and groups. Ethics arise not simply from mans creation but from human nature itself making it a natural body of laws from which mans laws Ethics has been applicable to economics, politics and political science, leading to several different and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including Business ethics and Marxism. Ethics has been applied to family structure, sexuality, and how society views the roles of individuals; leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including feminism. Ethics has been applied to war, leading to the fields of pacifism and nonviolence BUSINESS ETHICS Business ethics can be defined as blueprints of principles and values that governing decisions and actions within a company. In the business world, the organizations culture sets standards for ascertaining the difference between good and bad decision making and behaviour. A definition for business ethics boils down to knowing the difference between right and wrong and choosing to do what is right. The phrase business ethics can be used to describe the actions of individuals within an organization, as well as the organization as a whole. WHAT IS ENGENEERING ETHICS? Engineering ethics course is not about preaching virtue rather, its objective is to increase your ability as engineers to responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity. CODE OF ETHICS FOR ENGINEERS Engineers Uphold and advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering profession by: I. Analysing their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare; II. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients: III. Making efforts to increase the competence and prestige of the Engineering profession FUNDAMENTAL CONNONS FOR ENGINEERING ETHICS 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and Welfare of the public in the performance of their Professional duties. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence. 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an Objective and truthful manner. 4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each Employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. 6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honour, integrity and dignity of the profession. 7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Environmental ethics determines classical ethics to a breaking point Environmental ethics involves high risk. Environmental ethics requires risk. Environmental ethics help in ascertaining poorly charted terrain, where it is easy to get lost. One must hazard the kind of insight that first looks like foolishness. Some people see environmental ethics with a positive frame of mindexpecting rights for rocks and chicken liberation, misplaced concern for chipmunks and daisies. Elsewhere, you think, ethicists deal with sober concerns: medical ethics, business ethics, and justice in public affairs, questions of life and death, peace and war. Environment ethics aims at appropriate respect for life. But we do not just need a humanist ethic applied to the environment, analogously to the ways we have needed one for business, law, medicine, technology, international, or nuclear disarmament. Respect for life demands an ethic concerned about human welfare, like the others and now concerning the environment. But environmental ethics in a broader sense stands on a frontier, as radically theoretical as it is applied. . 1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN ORGANIZATION Ethical consideration in business is important to managers as individuals personals life and business life cannot be neatly separated with respect to moral judgements. A lot of factors contributed for ethical consideration becoming a primary concern for todays organizations. Some factors are discussed below: 1: If organization does not behave in accordance with the social system expectation, it might not merely lose its market share or face another piece of legislated control but might lose its very right to exist. 2: Even if the manager insist on a narrow definition of his role as merely a producer of goods, it is essential that he take these intangibles into consideration since they are the real motivating force in an organization. 3: The public is insisting that business leaders are, in fact responsible for the general social welfare that the managers responsibility go far beyond those of running the business. 4: Ethics play a crucial role in organization as without ethics organization may go hay why from its ultimate goal and as a result the real sense for existence remain undercover . 5: Ethics are the backbone of the organization. In absence of this backbone the organization would not be able to maintain healthy relations between employee and employee, employee and employer, employer and managers etc. 1.3 BREIF SUMMARY OF ASSIGNMENT The assignment on ethics clearly states what are the moral values, beliefs, thinking etc. which are socially acceptable. This assignment helps to give a clear picture about what is accepted and what is not accepted, what is ethical and what is unethical, what is good and what is bad etc. It also help in understanding that ethics do differ from people to people moreover from society to society(birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society) This assignment describe the definition of ethics, its important both in society and in organization. Thus we say that this assignment help one to understand the insight of the prevailing conditions stating what is accepted and what is not. WHAT IS ETHICAL DILEMMAS? Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemmas. An ethical dilemma is a situation or problem in which each available and possible course of action breaches some otherwise binding moral principles to decide what is ethical and what is unethical. Thus we say that moral dilemmas refer to a situation which involves conflict between moral requirements. These situations have very apparent conflict between moral imperative IS NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE? Yes nuclear energy is safe because we know nuclear energy is useful, clean and effective because, at present, 137 nuclear reactors are generating more than one-third of Western Europes electricity and 440 in all are supplying one-seventh of the worlds electricity Earlier some people misunderstood the by-product of nuclear energy i.e. Radiation as deadly. But radiation is part of our natural environment and we can survive with it. All of us are exposed to natural radioactivity every minute, mainly from rocks and soil. The radiation bombarding us increases up to 10% when we sleep next to another human. Nuclear power is a gift from nature. It can be harnessed cleanly and safely. NUCLEAR ENERGY ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY The nuclear energy is environment friendly as it is safe and it could be explain via example. 1: The Exelon Corporation runs 17 nuclear power plants all over the country and shows how these plants help reduce climate change. 2: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is a non-profit group, which works to reduce climate change through methods of nuclear energy production. These are one of those groups working to create new technologies that will make nuclear power a safer and more environmental friendly source of energy because they believe it is a necessary source for controlling climate changes. Perhaps Nuclear energy has the lowest impact on the environment including flora, fauna, air, land, and water. It produces no harmful greenhouse gases, isolates its waste from the environment, and requires less area to produce the same amount of electricity as compare to other sources. NUCLEAR ENERGY COST EFFECTIVENESS The nuclear energy is not at all cost effective because the biggest financial crunch with nuclear power is the time period it takes to build the reactor. Large and heavy construction together with the various public notices and enquiries and legal procedure makes it an expensive process. Moreover Construction alone will take 5-6 years. During this time interest must be paid to the creditor without any return since no electricity will be produced till construction work is complete. NUCLER ENERGY USEFUL TO UKS SOCIETY AND PUBLIC Nuclear energy is useful UKs society and public due to certain reasons which are discussed below: 1: POWERING OUR ECONOMY: Through nuclear energy the United Kingdom generates a fifth of the countrys electricity (19.26% in 2004). The Nuclear Installations Inspectorate oversees all nuclear power installations and, as of 2006, the United Kingdom operates 24 nuclear reactors. The country also uses nuclear reprocessing plants, such as Sell afield 2: DEVELOPMENT: Nuclear energy in playing an important role in development as in year 2007, there have been some significant developments towards nuclear fusion being implemented to solve the predicted energy crisis, most significantly and recently the drawing-up of plans to build one fusion power station, that will supply power to the National Grid within. 3: REDUCTION IN POLLUTION: The major cause of pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy plants produce electricity through the fission of uranium, not the burning of fuels. Consequently, nuclear power plants do not pollute the air with nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust or greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide etc. MAP SHOWING NEW NOMINATED NUCLEAR SITES IN ENGLAND HOW TO SOLVE ETHICAL DELIMMAS There are certain things that make ethical dilemmas particularly difficult to solve is that they often involve conflicts between two or more deeply held beliefs. Consider the example given below: A friend of yours just had a baby. Hes the most homely baby youve ever seen. While holding her new baby boy in her arms, your friend asks, Isnt he the best looking baby youve ever seen? Now you value honesty. But you also believe you shouldnt needlessly hurt someones feelings. You have an ethical dilemma! According to my analysis and conception ethical dilemmas could be sought out in three ways: 1: KNOW YOUR VALUES: There are certain values about which society agrees. For example, we tend to value honesty. Our discussion here isnt designed to change your values instead, its about applying them. Before you can apply them, you have to know what they are. 2: SELECT A MODEL: According to the analysis, Moral Issues in Business, ethical theories can be divided into two classifications: consequential theories (the formal term for these is teleological theories) and non-consequential theories (formal name is deontological theories). As a result a proper model is must. 3: USE A PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS: Now you know your values and you have a model with which to apply them. The remaining piece is to follow an orderly process to solve the problem, because not all ethical dilemmas are as simple as your friend and her baby that we discussed in the previous example. ETHICAL RESONING: Ethical reasoning is a type of reasoning directed towards deciding what to do and, when successful. And it comes into play when various individuals enter into relationships with mutual obligations. Ethical reasoning involves weighing of values held by the individuals to result in some course of action or outcome. In short it is a deciding factor determining what is ethical and unethical. 3.1 MORAL VALUES: Moral values is a combination of moral (i.e. what is ethical) and values (i.e. social principles) MORAL+VALUES. Moral values are essentially what society views as acceptable, or fundamentally right. Moral values often originate from religious views and understanding. Morals can be things that arent necessarily dictated by laws, example, its may not be illegal to have an affair, but is it morally right? Moral views can also be reflected in the laws passed, such as the proposition at concerning the sanctity of marriage. You could view the moral value of the public as shifting, seeing how a proposition like that is even necessary. 3.2 ALLERNATIVE TO NUCLEAR ENERGY At present there are large numbers of alternatives which are available for nuclear energy. But the alternative I am giving is based on my conception and theory which is discussed below: Just select a particular land suitable for cultivation only by natural means in order to maintain the fertility so that the soil is unaffected. Plant more trees. Within the duration for the growth of the trees construct some turbines and equipments just nearer to the cultivated lands. Cut half of the plants and burn it so that the steam is used to drive turbines from which we can produce electricity. The merit is that the Carbon di-oxide liberated will be consumed by the trees itself. So it is eco-friendly and non-polluting. As bio manures are used the fertility of the soil is maintained. Itll be an efficient method. May it is modest now but definitely when compared to hazardous wastes in nuclear energy its better. 3.3 ANALYSIS ON NUCLEAR ENERGY Unlike every coin has two aspects A NEGATIVE AND A POSITIVE similar is the case with nuclear energy it has positives as well as negatives. 4. My recommendation to the UK government would be to attain a perfect balance between use of nuclear energy and use of other alternative (renewable) sources like solar, dams, wind power etc. Because To generate nuclear energy uranium fuel is used, use an isotope of uranium which is then subjected to nuclear fission. And it leads to radiation as a result it leads to saviour diseases like cancer etc. So the UK government should be cautious regarding nuclear energy and should operate within the limits aiming at a perfect balance with other alternatives. 4.1 HUMAN CENTERED ETHICS It is also known as anthropocentrism The anthropocentric belief is that human beings are the sole bearers of intrinsic value or possess greater intrinsic value than non-human nature. It is therefore acceptable to employ the resources of the natural world for only human ends. Anthropocentric ethics is adequate to the task of grounding care for the natural environment. The human involvement in ethics play a very crucial role thus we say that anthropocentrism focus on human ethics. 4.2 SCIENTIFIC CENTERED ETHICS The term scientific ethics may refer to the ethics of doing science. Scientific ethics is a branch of applied ethics. Scientific ethics is a subset of professional ethics, the special rules of conduct adhered to by people engaged in those pursuits called professions. It is distinct from, but consistent with, both ordinary morality and moral theory. The codes of professional ethics derive from the two bargains that define a profession: the internal code of practice and the external bargain between the profession and society. 4.3 BIOCENTRIC ETHICS Bio centric ethics refer to any theory that views all life as possessing intrinsic value is known as bio centric ethics. Bio centric ethics represents a significant departure from classical and traditional ethical thinking. I.e. it focuses on attitude and character rather than moral values. 4.4 ECOCENTRIC ETHICS The term eco centric ethics was propounded by Aldo Leopolds according to him Any ethics that places an emphasis on ecological wholes and moves away from individual plants and animals; value is placed on these ecological systems as wholes. Thus we say that ecocentric ethics are the holistic ethics rather than the individualistic ethics. Ecocentric ethics appeals to ecology in one way or another for help in explaining and defending its conclusions. REFERNCES: DR SS KHANKA, S CHAND, AHMED NAZIMUDDIN AND SS JHA, AHMED SALMAN, AUSTIN NANCY, Ackerman, GOOGLE, B.A. and R.B. Stewart (1988) Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Market Incentives, Colombia Journal of Environmental Law, 13: 171-199. Baron, J. (2006) Against Bioethics, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Bekesy, S.A., B.A. Winkle, M. Colvin, B. Langford, D.B. Lindenmayer, and H.P. Possingham (forthcoming) The Biodiversity Bank Cannot is a Lending Bank, Ecological Economics. Burgman, M.A. (2005) Risks and Decisions for Conservation and Environmental Management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Capoor, K. and P. Ambrosi.(2007) State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007. Retrieved December, 2007, from http://carbonfinance.org/docs/Carbon_Trends_2007- _FINAL_-_May_2.pdf. Colyvan, M. (2007) Environmental Philosophy: Beyond Environmental Ethics, Arts, Vol. 29: 95-104. Colyvan, M., D. Cox, and K. Steele, (forthcoming a) Modelling the Moral Dimension of Decisions, Noà »s. Colyvan, M., J. Justus, and H.M. Regan, (to appear) The Natural Environment is Valuable but Not Infinitely Valuable. Colyvan, M., S. Linquist, W. Grey, P.E. Griffiths, J. Odenbaugh, and H.P. Possingham, (forthcoming b) Philosophical Issues in Ecology: Recent Trends and Future Directions, Ecology and Society.